Modbus TCP
The Gateway communicates via MQTT and publishes and listens to a number of topics.
However, in firmware 3.7.0 Modbus TCP has been added. Modbus should preferably be used on Gateways that have PSRAM like the E32 V2 and the S3/S3-LR.
Because the registers are set at runtime and may not be changed, adding new devices requires running a specific shell script that dumps all entities into a CSV file. These have to be numbered and merged back into the firmware. Contact us if you need this.
See The EMS-ESP Wiki [1] for all the details on the protocol implementation.